Current Awareness

Column editor: Jane Grogan (Jane.Grogan@gchq.gsi.gov.uk)

This column contains summaries of articles (print and electronic) about information access and retrieval, electronic publishing, preservation and virtual libraries etc. including, with permission, abstracts identified with an * next to the author initials, drawn from Current Cites, the monthly publication distributed electronically by a team of Librarians and Library Staff and edited by Roy Tennant (http://lists.webjunction.org/currentcites/).

If you are interested in providing reviews for the Column, please contact Jane Grogan for further details.

Content Management

Hsu, Tien-Yu, Ke, Hao-Ren, and Yang, Wei-Pang Unified knowledge-based content management for digital archives in museums Electronic Library 24(1) 38-50. This paper presents what the authors term a unified knowledge-based content management (UKCM) model for digital archives in museums, based upon and extending Rockley’s unified content strategy (UCS). The framework of the model incorporates unified knowledge content processes (collecting, digitising, editing, organising, publishing, and accessing), multi-layer reusable knowledge content structures and an integrated knowledge-based content management system. While the ideas presented are interesting, the present reviewer found this article rather abstruse and hard to read. Missable unless you have a specialist interest in this subject. – [CE]

Digital Libraries

DLF-Aquifer Services Institutional Survey Report (2006) Washington, DC: Digital Library Federation, 9 March 2006.(http://www.diglib.org/aquifer/SWGisrfinal.pdf) – This 45-page report from the Digital Library Federation (DFL) Aquifer Services Working Group consists of summarized responses from DLF members "to discover user-services assessment efforts and to assess what services are desired by end users and institutions and how the Aquifer project might potentially meet these needs. Key findings of the survey include: 1) Use of digital collections and services is often assessed at the point of introduction or update, rather than systematically over time; 2) searching is the most common way that digital collections are used; 3) metadata standardization is the most commonly reported strategy for supporting digital collections; 4) budgetary, time, and personnel constraints challenge the ability of institutions to develop needed services; and 5) institutions and users desire cross-resource discovery tools and greater ability to personalize service options. A very useful feature of this report is the list of user studies undertaken by DLF institutions, with abstracts for each. – [*RT]

Fitzgerald, Brendan VICNET and Victoria’s virtual library: a decade of online achievements. Electronic Library 24(1) 5-10 – This is an account of VICNET at the State Library of Victoria, Australia from its inception in 1994. VICNET undertakes activities in the following three areas: information management, i.e. technical and content management of a range of web sites, such as the VICNET web site http://www.vic.net.au and Victoria’s Virtual Library http://www.libraries.vic.gov.au (“content”); library and community network infrastructure development (“access”); and information and technological literacy development (“skills”). It operates an ISP which sells a variety of services, often to community publishing partners, as well as hosting the various VICNET web sites. The Virtual Library is an ongoing web project, which envisaged as an initial step in creating a complex and integrated online public library resource for Victoria. A readable, concise and informative paper. – [CE]

Education

McClelland, Robert J and Hawkins, Nick Perspectives on the use and development of a broad range of e-books in higher education and their use in supporting virtual learning environments Electronic Library 24(1) 68-82 – This article documents an interesting series of e-learning projects, including development of VLEs, undertaken within the Liverpool JMU business school; it is thus more general in scope than its title would suggest. The project descriptions are brief, and positive and negative aspects of each project are reported only in summary tabular form; the article would have benefited from more detailed discussions. The authors raise the issue of student learning style (Kolb) as an issue in evaluating VLE use, but this is not elaborated upon. The paper contains a large number of punctuation mistakes. Overall, despite the inherent interest of the subject matter, not a particularly satisfactory read. – [CE]

Electronic Publishing

Hahn, Karla (2006) The State of the Large Publisher Bundle: Findings from an ARL Member Survey ARL Bimonthly Report (245)(April 2006) (http://www.arl.org/newsltr/245/bundle.html) – Academic libraries have long been familiar which what has been termed "the big deal" (most notably by Kenneth Frazier in a 2001 D-Lib Magazine article) – large conglomerations of electronic resources sold as a bundle. This means libraries either get everything or nothing from a particular publisher. Such an inability to cancel individual titles puts additional pressure on libraries to cancel unbundled titles to compensate. Therefore, to find out more about the big deal and libraries response to it, ARL conducted a survey in 2005. There is much of interest here for anyone interested in licensing resources for academic libraries, but in a nutshell ARL believes that libraries can advocate for better license terms without unduly reducing publisher profit. – [*RT]

General

code4lib Conference 2006 Corvallis, OR: code4lib, 15-17 February 2006.(http://www.code4lib.org/2006/schedule/) – The code4lib Conference was put together by a group of tech-savvy librarians who hang out in the code4lib chat room and mailing list in literally a matter of a few months. This is the first in what they hope to be an annual event, aimed at those with a need for a more technical conference than the usual library fare. Here you can see what these folks are thinking about, what they use, and what they think is good and bad, and perhaps get an early taste of what's to come in your own library someday. Given that the conference only occurred a matter of days before this publication went to press, not all the presentations are yet available. But more will be added in the coming days, and several of the program descriptions link out to web sites that provide more information. Full disclosure: I was on the program committee. – [*RT]

Levy, Stephen, and Brad Stone (2006) The New Wisdom of the Web Newsweek (April 3, 2006)(http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12015774/site/newsweek/) – The living web, web 2.0, online community – however you refer to the phenomenon of the web as a world forum, the simplicity and timeliness of publishing whatever you want is nothing short of revolutionary. This overview article is probably most valuable for those non-participants who'll read it in paper form later this week; bloggers and others are already critiquing it online, basically treating it as just another post, one opinion among many. In fact, while its content does provide a nice sampling of current web community trends and efforts to capitalize on them, the impact of the changes described in it is really driven home when you take the article as a lesson in itself about the current state of the infosphere. It used to be that a news weekly could start a debate when it introduced to the general population a topic previously known only to a few; today, numerous forums already exist in which aspects of web community are being discussed by countless individuals (not to mention many, many more simply using the web to share comments, images, audio and video, without the theorizing). Those of us engaged in this are already learning something from 'the wisdom of crowds' about the nature of what we're doing as we do it, and don't have much use for a snapshot of the ocean when we can wade in and swim whenever we want to. – [*JR]

Lindberg, Oliver (2006) The revolution will be televised .Net issue 145 January 2006: 44-48 – Broadband allows the fast delivery of television programmes over the Internet. Viewers will be able to access programmes through satellite, through the mobile phone, via broadband or through a wi-fi hotspot. Viewers will have control and be able to watch what they want, where and whenever they want. Some TV companies are commissioning content just for the Internet and are running Internet TV trials. Competition is evident with phone companies and Internet providers such as AOL and search engine provider, Yahoo trying to break into the television business. Google aims to compete and make all video content available via Google Video. The capacity of the infrastructure and the issue of contents rights need to be overcome as continuing converging technologies will increase the demands. – [JW]

Information Access

Bailey, Jr., Charles W (2006) What is Open Access? Open Access: Key Strategic, Technical, and Economic Aspects (7 February 2006) (http://www.digital-scholarship.com/cwb/WhatIsOA.pdf) – In this preprint of a book chapter to be published by Chandos Publishing this year, Current Cites' own Charles W. Bailey, Jr. explains and summarizes the "Open Access" movement within the scholarly and research communities of higher education. Bailey begins with defining open access by reference to definitions from several key documents such as the Budapest Open Access Initiative. Following this is a definition of the subset of open access activities called "self-archiving" by its main proponent Stevan Harnad. The next section deals with open access journals. For more information, readers are directed to the author's Open Access Webliography, an essential resource in the field. Given the goals of this particular book chapter, those familiar with the open access movement will be familiar with much of what Bailey covers, but for someone new to the issue it is an excellent summary of key issues. – [*RT]

Jain, Priti Empowering Africa’s development using ICT in a knowledge management approach Electronic Library 24(1) 51-67 – This is a wide-ranging review of issues relating to the use of information and communication technology (ICT) as a tool for managing indigenous knowledge (IK) (also known as “traditional” or “local” knowledge) within African societies. Indigenous knowledge is of its nature specific to a location and a community, oral and rural, and not systematically documented. It can be hugely significant, not only as a cultural legacy, but as a basis for sustainable economic development, particularly where integrated with geographic information systems (GIS). The author describes the problems of Africa’s ICT environment and outlines requirements for national ICT policy formulation, legal and regulatory frameworks, ICT literacy programmes and training in knowledge management approaches. A lucid and well-written paper, of interest to non-specialists. – [CE]

Marshall, Gary (2006) By invitation only .Net April 2006 (issue 148): 50-52, 54-55 – Members-only networks are growing. Some of these are by invitation only. These provide web users with a place to discuss shared interests and information with family, friends or colleagues. This article also includes a brief tutorial on setting up a private network using Foldershare. This is free software from http://www.foldershare.com. Private networks can also be about sharing files. Sites such as Grouper http://www.grouper.com allow you to create small private networks – no more than 50 – where music and graphics can be shared. In this case these files are streamed rather than downloaded, which avoids copyright problems. – [JW]

Marshall, Gary (2006) Pills, thrills and bellyaches .Net issue 146 February 2006: 40-42 – One of the side effects of the growth of the Internet is the prevalence of sites that are bad for your health. This article gives a brief overview of the dangers of relying on Internet sites for health advice and mail-order medicines. Apparently, counterfeit drugs comprise over 10% of the total world-wide drug supply. Health advice can also kill. Reputable sites do exit and generally do not have a financial interest in any of the products or services referred to. It is recommended that a second opinion is always obtained and that a healthy scepticism is maintained. – [JW]

Sohn, Gigi (2006) Don't Blow It, Congress CNET News.com (6 February 2006)(http://news.com.com/Dont+blow+it%2C+Congress/2010-1023_3-6035094.html?tag=fd_carsl) – "Net neutrality" isn't exactly a phrase that immediately stirs the blood. In fact, it might evoke a "so what?" mental yawn. But, a closer look suggests that the future of the Internet as a digital medium that supports vigorous innovation and free-flowing information may be at stake. Here's how EDUCAUSE defines the term in its useful Net Neutrality Web page: "'Net neutrality' is the term used to describe the concept of keeping the Internet open to all lawful content, information, applications, and equipment. There is increasing concern that the owners of the local broadband connections (usually either the cable or telephone company) may block or discriminate against certain Internet users or applications in order to give an advantage to their own services." In this article, Gigi Sohn, President of Public Knowledge, lays out the case for Congress to enact legislation that will ensure Net neutrality in a rapidly changing telecommunications landscape. Will Congress enact such legislation? Maybe not, in spite of Vint Cerf, one of the fathers of the Internet, saying that without Net neutrality: "We risk losing the Internet as a catalyst for consumer choice, for economic growth, for technological innovation and for global competitiveness" (see "Politicos Divided on Need for 'Net Neutrality' Mandate"). Noted legal scholar Lawrence Lessig has also weighed in on the issue in his Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation testimony, which is also well worth reading. – [*CB]

Suber, Peter (2006) Three Gathering Storms That Could Cause Collateral Damage for Open Access SPARC Open Access Newsletter (95)(2006) (http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/03-02-06.htm#collateral) – The Internet is a-changin', and those changes may make old timers long for the days when it was an obscure, purely non-commercial enterprise. In this paper, noted open access advocate Peter Suber previews three potential changes that you should be aware of: (1) the WIPO "Treaty on the Protection of Broadcasting Organizations," (2) threats to Net neutrality, and (3) fees for bulk e-mailers to circumvent major e-mail services' spam filters. These potential changes may not sound alarming, but they are harbingers of deeper changes in the fundamental nature of the Internet that may have significant long-term implications. Let's take one of them as an example: AOL and Yahoo want to charge bulk e-mailers to avoid spam filters. The implications? Here's what Suber says: "The program is insidious and would lead almost everyone to pay the fees if they could – account holders at Yahoo and AOL and the bulk mailers who send to Yahoo and AOL addresses. It would also lead other e-mail providers to adopt similar policies or fear that they were leaving money on the table. This would harm everyone who sends or receives non-spam mass mailings. This newsletter is an example but only one of many. The program would harm every form of OA content delivered by e-mail, from e-mailed eprints and listserv postings to journal current-awareness messages like tables of contents and the results of stored searches. It would hurt non-profit groups and informal communities that network by e-mail, including academic and political groups. Cash-strapped operations relying on e-mail for distribution would either be forced to shut down or face higher costs that threaten their stability." – [*CB]

Sukula, Shiva Kanaujia Developing indigenous knowledge databases in India. Electronic Library 24(1) 83-93 – This is a clearly presented overview of efforts to create national databases of indigenous scientific and technical knowledge within India. The author discusses the concept of indigenous knowledge (IK) and its significance for development, and basic theoretical issues of IK database creation and use. He also traces the history of IK database creation by various national institutions within India and offers an account of current IK database activities. Anyone interested in IK issues will find this is a useful and well-constructed paper, the rather quirky English style notwithstanding. – [CE]

Information Retrieval

Cohen, Daniel J. (2006) From Babel to Knowledge: Data Mining Large Digital Collections D-Lib Magazine 12(3)(March 2006) (http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march06/cohen/03cohen.html) – This is a fascinating account of how you can construct a search engine optimized for specific tasks such as finding course syllabi using simple technologies, access to such resources as Google's application program interface (API), and intelligent post-processing. A few conclusions from the author's research include: 1) More emphasis needs to be placed on creating APIs for digital collections, 2) Resources that are free to use in any way, even if they are imperfect, are more valuable than those that are gated or use-restricted, even if those resources are qualitatively better, and 3) Quantity may make up for a lack of quality. For explanations and justifications of these points see the article, which anyone building search systems should definitely do. – [*RT]

Garrett, Jeffrey (2006) KWIC and Dirty? Human Cognition and the Claims of Full-Text Searching Journal of Electronic Publishing 9(1)(February 2006) (http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.3336451.0009.106) – Diatribe against the evils of keyword searching. Complaints include not allowing for context or metaphor. Works are like "organisms" and plucking out KWICs is to deracinate them and to "carry them away from their native settings with some additional word material still clinging to them, like dirt to roots." Keyword results produce a lack of coherence "fundamentally at odds with natural patterns of knowledge acquisition." The facts are disassociated and resemble "garbage heaps" of knowledge. You may not agree with the proposition but you'll be swept off your feet by the literary allusions, and that ought to count for something. One of several articles in the newly resuscitated Journal of Electronic Publishing. The journal is now published by UMich's "Scholarly Publishing Office" and the article by Maria Bonn on their model of scholarly publishing is also worth a read. – [*LRK]

Marshall, Gary (2006) Del.icio.us: 15 tasty tweaks .Net March 2006 (issue 147): 40-42 – “Social bookmarking” is a means of saving and sharing web addresses. It can be useful for keeping track of projects and collaborative working. This article is all about improving what is already deemed a very useful product. On offer are 15 tips, tweaks or plug-ins for either Internet Explorer or Firefox. – [JW]

Wakimotoa, Jina Choi, David S. Walker, and Katherine S. Dabboura (2006) The Myths and Realities of SFX in Academic Libraries The Journal of Academic Librarianship 32(2)(March 2006): 127-136 – The report of a three-fold study ("end-user survey, librarian focus group interviews, and sample SFX statistics and tests") to answer these questions regarding the use and effectiveness of an OpenURL resolver (SFX from ExLibris) in an academic setting: "How successful is the system in actually meeting the research needs of librarians and library users? Do undergraduate students, who have increasingly high expectations of online resources, think that SFX lives up to their expectations? Do librarians feel comfortable relying on SFX for accurate and consistent linking? Do the perceptions of librarians and library end-users reflect the reality of SFX usage?" Their conclusions? "Ultimately, this study showed that end-user expectations were slightly higher than their actual experiences of obtaining full text. The majority of the librarians were positive, however, reporting that SFX worked most of the time. Both groups had complaints about SFX and saw areas for improvement, but they still rely heavily on it for their research." – [*RT]

Legal Issues

Annalee Newitz (2006) Post and be damned New Scientist, 14 January 2006, p20 – Two studies in the US have revealed that loopholes in copyright law are being exploited to censor websites, which many fear threatens the value of the Internet as an ‘expressive platform for public discourse’. The studies looked at the hundreds of takedown notices archived at chillingeffects.org. Takedown notices are being issued by companies and individuals to websites, ISP’s and Google, to remove any material the rights holders deem infringes the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). The concern is that in the majority of cases the contested material is removed from the public eye without objection, and before legal proceedings has even been initiated. The studies further revealed that 47% of takedown notices concern material which was likely to be exempt from copyright law. The seeming lack of protest and willingness to ‘cave in’ in order to avoid expensive legal action suggests that ‘the DMCA has become a powerful tool for anyone seeking to suppress criticism’. However, the good news for some is that not everyone caves in, as the studies also revealed that those who refuse to remove material are not sued, helping to spur on a variety of protest groups who are prepared to challenge this takedown culture. – [LF]

Preservation

Harnad, Stevan (2006) Maximizing Research Impact through Institutional and National Open-Access Self-Archiving Mandates (http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12093/) – A recent study by Tom Wilson ("Institutional Open Archives: Where Are We Now?") investigates item deposit rates at most UK institutional repositories (excluding ETDs where possible). After reviewing his findings, Wilson states: "By any measure it can hardly be claimed that the concept of open archiving has taken off in British universities and I don't think that any of its protagonists would claim otherwise. The movement is at an early stage, with something in the order of 12 per cent of UK universities involved and with a minuscule proportion of the total research output covered by the IOA [Institutional Open Archives]." Little wonder then that open access proponent Stevan Harnad has come to advocate mandatory self-archiving at the institutional and national levels as a solution to low institutional repository deposit rates. (Harnad suggests that there is "a spontaneous 15% baseline rate" for institutional repository deposits.) One might imagine that researchers would resist mandatory deposit; however, Harnad notes that a 2005 study by Alma Swan and Sheridan Brown found that only 5% of researchers would refuse to do so. He further notes that in the three institutions and one department (CERN, Queensland University of Technology, the University of Minho, and the University of Southampton's Department of Electronics and Computer Science) that have mandated deposit, the strategy appears to be working. Will publishers allow self-archiving? Harnad indicates that only 7% of publishers do not allow self-archiving. Why do it? Harnad deftly recaps the open access research impact argument. With possible national-level deposit mandates in the works, such as the American Center for CURES Act of 2005 and the Research Councils UK's Position Statement on Access to Research Outputs, mandatory deposit is a hot topic, and Harnad's heavily linked paper provides a good summary of the pro-mandate position. – [*CB]

Jacobs, Neil (2006) Digital Repositories in UK Universities and Colleges FreePint (200)(2006)(http://www.freepint.com/issues/160206.htm#feature) – In 1993, the UK did a smart thing: it established the UK Joint Information Systems Committee (or JISC for short). Since then, JISC-funded technology projects have kept UK academic libraries on the cutting edge of innovative networked services and technologies. Little wonder then that UK libraries have been leaders in the rapidly evolving movement to develop institutional repositories and other types of digital archives. As manager of the JISC Digital Repositories development programme, Neil Jacobs knows this important work well, and, in this article, he provides a link-packed, amazingly compact bird's-eye view of it that is authoritative and highly readable. Don't just zip through the short text. Rather, take the time to explore the numerous project links. You'll be glad that you did. – [*CB]

Rusbridge, Chris (2006) Excuse Me... Some Digital Preservation Fallacies? Ariadne (46)(February 2006)(http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue46/rusbridge/) – In this tenth-anniversary issue, Rusbridge takes on some digital preservation assertions or assumptions that he believes underlies many of the preservation discussions happening today. They are: 1) digital preservation is very expensive, 2) file formats become obsolete very rapidly, 3) interventions must occur frequently, 4) digital preservation repositories should have very long timescale aspirations, 5) 'Internet-age' expectations are such that the preserved object must be easily and instantly accessible in the format de jour, and 6) the preserved object must be faithful to the original in all respects. After arguing with these assumptions, he restates them at the end of the piece as: 1) digital preservation is comparatively inexpensive, compared to preservation in the print world, 2) file formats become obsolete rather more slowly than we thought, 3) interventions can occur rather infrequently, ensuring that continuing costs remain containable, 4) digital preservation repositories should have timescale aspirations adjusted to their funding and business case, but should be prepared for their succession, 5) "Internet-age" expectations cannot be met by most digital repositories; and, 6) only desiccated versions of the preserved object need be easily and instantly accessible in the format de jour, although the original bit-stream and good preservation metadata or documentation should be available for those who wish to invest in extracting extra information or capability." – [*RT]

Stanger, Nigel, and Graham McGregor (2006) Hitting the Ground Running: Building New Zealand's First Publicly Available Institutional Repository Dunedin, NZ: University of Otago, March 2006 (http://eprints.otago.ac.nz/274/) – This paper describes the rapid implementation of an institutional repository using open source software. Although they get high marks for rapidity out of the gate, and for a promising beginning, the paper is light on such details as to how the initial success will be sustained. The reader is also left to wonder how they plan on taking this pilot project for one of the university's schools and deploying it university-wide, if indeed they intend to do so. But those concerns aside, this can be a useful article for demonstrating how little it takes technically to get a repository launched and for achieving early success in terms of paper discovery and downloading. – [*RT]

Security

Dean, John W. Why Should Anyone Worry About Whose Communications Bush and Cheney Are Intercepting, If It Helps To Find Terrorists? FindLaw (24 February 2006)(http://writ.news.findlaw.com/dean/20060224.html) – According to a statistic quoted in this column, "The NSA is now eavesdropping on as many as five hundred people in the United States at any given time." That is one heck of a lot of data; experts assume the NSA is indulging in data mining, which the author defines as "the use of computer algorithms to search automatically through massive amounts of data." A huge problem with data mining, of course, is the number of false positives. Which ups the potential for innocent people to get caught in the net. Maybe you're one of those folks who isn't worried about things like this because you "have nothing to hide." But the very idea of the government amassing huge amounts of personal data on its citizens is troubling. Says the author, "Many people trust the government not to abuse or misuse this information. Based on experience, I don't." He knows whence he speaks. If you're old enough to remember Watergate, you likely remember John Dean as counsel to President Nixon. – [*SK]

Robertson, Struan (2006) Phish bait .Net May 2006 (issue149): 40-43 – This is a short article on phishing. At least it explains how such an operation works – in general terms. This included taking identities of highly rated sellers on E-bay and using these identities to start selling high value items which were never supplied. Credit card details were gathered and used to shop online mainly for electronic items which were delivered to temporary addresses which had been rented. This operation ended in police action and a court case. – [JW]

Web Design

Hudson, Paul et al .Net Web Buildr: the web designers bible .Net issue 146 February 2006: 78-119 – .Net Web Buildr is a section of .Net which this month devotes several pages to a guide to designing a brief for a client’s website. It also includes: a tutorial on making sites more usable and accessible; a guide to the Domain Name System (DNS) with a tutorial on hosting a website for yourself. The tutorial format – which is a step-by step illustrated guide – seems an effective way of explaining such topics. – [JW]

Jones, Lisa et al Web Builder .Net March 2006 (issue 147): 78-119 – Web Builder is a section of the magazine which is a combination of varied articles and tutorials on topics relevant to building web sites. The Masterclass by Karl Hodge is on creating a RSS feed. This is in a step by step tutorial format – probably one of the easiest to follow as each numbered step is a view of the computer screen. – [JW]

Jones, Lisa et al (2006) Web Builder .Net April 2006(issue 148): 83-126 – The Masterclass for this month by Karl Hodge is on building a blogger template. In this tutorial he uses Blogger (owned by Google) and demonstrates how to create a template rather than using the ones provided. Some of the information required is provided on the CD which comes with the magazine. – [JW]

St. Laurent, Simon (2006) The Next Web? XML.com (March 15, 2006)(http://www.xml.com/pub/a/2006/03/15/next-web-xhtml2-ajax.html) – "You could always go home, Dorothy," is the underlying theme of this review of popular web technologies that haven't yet lived up to their promise. Web veteran Simon St. Laurent briefly goes over the XML Web, the Semantic Web, XHTML and Web Services, explaining that each required substantial new infrastructure to implement and for that reason "never quite made it to mainstream web development". In contrast he points to the success of Ajax where the parts, namely JavaScript and HTML, have been around for ages. "After waiting for all of those promises of better tools to come," he concludes, "it seems that developers looked at the parts they had available, and chose the ones they could use today. It can be annoyingly hard work, but the results are impressive." – [*LRK]

Wentk, Richard (2006) Attack of the Clones .Net issue 146 February 2006: 44-46, 48-49 – The issue is that corporate web sites are becoming uniform in their design. Many blog designs would seem to be more daring. The author suggests sites which offer designs and templates to view and download for blogs. He suggests sites that might help you protect your design although you cannot protect your idea. There is an opportunity for designers to get creative! – [JW]

Contributors to Current Cites *:
Charles W. Bailey, Jr., Terry Huwe, Shirl Kennedy, Leo Robert Klein, Jim Ronningen, Roy Tennant

Contributors:
Peter Chapman, Ann Dixon, Catherine Ebenezer, Linda Fawcett, Ina Fourie, Linda Kerr, Ida Kwan, Shona McTavish, Ruth Ng, Shirley Parker-Munn, Liz Reiner, Ann Smith, Christine Urquhart, James Watson.